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Is it possible to create Gold?
In medieval times alchemists tried to achieve the seemingly impossible they wanted to transform lowly lead into gleaming gold. Was it possible at the time to create Gold? History portrays these people as aged eccentrics but if only they had known that their dreams were actually achievable.
Indeed today we can manufacture gold on earth thanks to modern inventions that those medieval alchemists missed by a few centuries. But to understand how this precious metal became embedded in our planet to start with we have to gaze upwards at the stars.
Gold is extraterrestrial instead of arising from the planet’s rocky crust. It was actually cooked up in space and is present on earth because of cataclysmic stellar explosions called “supernovae”. Stars are mostly made up of hydrogen, the simplest and lightest element.
The enormous gravitational pressure of so much material compresses and triggers nuclear fusion in the core of the star. This process releases energy from the hydrogen making the star shine over many millions of years. Fusion transforms hydrogen into heavier elements like helium carbon and oxygen.
Burning subsequent elements faster and faster to reach iron and nickel. However at that point nuclear fusion no longer releases enough energy and the pressure from the core, peters out the outer layers collapse into the center, and bouncing back from this sudden injection of energy, the star explodes forming a supernova.
The extreme pressure of a collapsing star is so high that subatomic protons and electrons are forced together in the core-forming neutrons. Neutrons have no repelling electric charge so they are easily captured by the iron group elements. Multiple neutron captures enable the formation of heavier elements that a star under normal circumstances can form from silver to gold past lead and onto uranium.
In extreme contrast to the million-year transformation of hydrogen to helium, the creation of the heaviest elements in a supernova takes place in only seconds. But what becomes of the gold after the explosion the expanding supernova shockwave propels its elemental debris through the interstellar medium triggering a swirling dance of gas and dust that condenses into new stars and planets.
Earth’s gold was likely delivered this way before being needed into veins by geothermal activity. Billions of years later we now extract this precious product by mining it an expensive process that’s compounded by gold’s rarity. In fact, all of the gold that we’ve mined in history could be piled into just three Olympic size swimming pools. Although this represents a lot of mass because gold is about 20 times denser than water.
So can we produce more of this coveted commodity? Actually yes, using particle accelerators we can mimic the complex nuclear reactions that create gold in stars, but these machines can only construct gold atom by atom. So it would take almost the age of the universe to produce 1 gram at a cost vastly exceeding the current value of gold. So that’s not a very good solution but if we were to reach a hypothetical point where we’d mind all of the earth’s buried gold.
There are other places we could look the ocean holds an estimated 20 million tons of dissolved gold but at extremely minuscule concentrations making its recovery too costly. At present perhaps one day we’ll see gold rushes to tap the mineral wealth of the other planets of our solar system. And who knows maybe some future supernova will occur close enough to shower us with its treasure and hopefully, not eradicate all life on earth in the process.
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